Gudrun Østby

Research Professor

Gudrun Østby
Email: gudrun@prio.org
Mobile phone: +47 98 67 15 43
Twitter: @GudrunOstby
CV: Download CV

Research Interests

  • Armed conflict and maternal health
  • Sexual and gender-based violence
  • Education and conflict
  • Horizontal inequalities and conflict
  • Urban violence

Background

​​​​​​​​​Languages spoken:

Norwegian, English, Spanish, basic French.

Working experience:

2021–: Research Director, Conditions of Violence and Peace, PRIO.

2019–: Research Professor, Conditions of Violence and Peace, PRIO.

2019–2020: Visiting Researcher at the Center for International Development & Conflict Management, University of Maryland.

2019–: Deputy Editor, Journal of Peace Research.

2017–2019 : Editor-in-chief, Journal of Peace Research.

2010–2019: Senior Researcher, Conditions of Violence and Peace, PRIO.

2015–2017: Associate Editor, Journal of Peace Research.

2010–2014: Deputy Editor, Journal of Peace Research.

2006: Visiting Scholar at the Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security (CRISE), University of Oxford.

2005: Book Review Editor Journal of Peace Research.

2005–2010: Phd Candidate/Research Fellow, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo

(Maternal leave April-December, 2006; September 2008-May 2009; and March-December 2012).

2005–2010: Researcher (part-time), Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO.

2004: Research Assistant, Centre for the Study of Civil War, PRIO.

2003–2004: Norwegian Red Cross Youth Delegate to Kenya Red Cross Society.

Education:

PhD, Political Science, University of Oslo, 2011.

Cand. Polit (equiv. MA), Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2003.

Cand.Mag (equiv. to B.A), NTNU and Universidad de Granada (Spain), 2001 in the areas of Political Science, English, Media Science and Psychology.

Research Groups

Full member:
Associated member:

PRIO Departments

Current
Historical

PRIO Projects

Ongoing:
Finished:

Events

PRIO started tracking events online in 2007. This listing is not complete. Past events may be mentioned in our news archive.

Recent Publications

Gjerløw, Haakon; Jens Koning; Marte Nilsen & Gudrun Østby (2022) Returning to School or Dropping Out after the COVID-19 Closure? Survey Evidence from Rohingya Refugees and Host Communities in Bangladesh, PRIO Policy Brief, 19. Oslo: PRIO.
Olney, Jessica; Khin Maung ; Lucky ; Shabbir Ahmad; Marte Nilsen; & Gudrun Østby (2022) 'Something Is Better than Nothing': Online Learning Pursuits of Rohingya Youth and Teachers in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, Internal report. Oslo: PRIO.
Aden, Hassan; Zeina Bali; Cindy Horst; Marte Nilsen & Gudrun Østby (2022) What Can We Learn from Refugee-Led Education in Kenya?, PRIO Policy Brief, 14. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith (2022) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2021, Conflict Trends, 2. Oslo: PRIO.
Hillesund, Solveig & Gudrun Østby (2022) Horizontal inequalities, political violence, and nonviolent conflict mobilization: A review of the literature, Journal of Economic Surveys. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12539: 1–47.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad; Roos Haer & Andrew Arasmith (2022) Children at Risk of Being Recruited by Armed Groups, 1990–2020, Children & Society. DOI: 10.1111/chso.12609: 1–20.

All Publications

Peer-reviewed Journal Article

Hillesund, Solveig & Gudrun Østby (2022) Horizontal inequalities, political violence, and nonviolent conflict mobilization: A review of the literature, Journal of Economic Surveys. DOI: 10.1111/joes.12539: 1–47.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad; Roos Haer & Andrew Arasmith (2022) Children at Risk of Being Recruited by Armed Groups, 1990–2020, Children & Society. DOI: 10.1111/chso.12609: 1–20.
Dupuy, Kendra; Júlia Palik & Gudrun Østby (2022) No right to read: National regulatory restrictions on refugee rights to formal education in low- and middle-income host countries, International Journal of Educational Development 88(102537).
Østby, Gudrun; Olga Shemyakina; Andreas Forø Tollefsen; Henrik Urdal & Marijke Verpoorten (2021) Public Health and Armed Conflict: Immunization in Times of Systemic Disruptions, Population and Development Review. DOI: 10.1111/padr.12450.
Rustad, Siri Aas; Helga Malmin Binningsbø; Haakon Gjerløw; Francis Mwesigye; Tony Odokonyero & Gudrun Østby (2021) Maternal Health Care Among Refugees and Host Communities in Northern Uganda: Access, Quality, and Discrimination, Frontiers in Global Women's Health 2.
Theisen, Ole Magnus; Håvard Strand & Gudrun Østby (2020) Ethno-political favoritism in maternal health care service delivery: Micro-level evidence from sub-Saharan Africa, 1981–2014, International Area Studies Review 23(1): 3–27.
Verwimp, Philip; Davide Osti & Gudrun Østby (2020) Forced Displacement, Migration, and Fertility in Burundi, Population and Development Review 46(2): 287–319.
Chi, Primus Che; Patience Bulage & Gudrun Østby (2020) Equity in aid allocation and distribution: A qualitative study of key stakeholders in Northern Uganda, PLoS ONE. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226612.
Kotsadam, Andreas & Gudrun Østby (2019) Armed conflict and maternal mortality: A micro-level study of sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2013, Social Science & Medicine 239: 1–2.
Quattrochi, John; Rosalie Biaba; Ragnhild Nordås; Gudrun Østby; Susanne Allden; Christine Amisi; Aline Cikara & Ester Namegabea (2019) Effects of an empowerment program for survivors of sexual violence on attitudes and beliefs: Evidence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, International Journal for Equity in Health 18(49).
Østby, Gudrun; Michele Leiby & Ragnhild Nordås (2019) The Legacy of Wartime Violence on Intimate-Partner Abuse: Microlevel Evidence from Peru, 1980–2009, International Studies Quarterly 63(1): 1–46.
Amisi, Christine; Rosalie Biaba Apassa; Aline Cikara; Gudrun Østby; Ragnhild Nordås; Siri Aas Rustad & John Quattrochi (2018) The impact of support programmes for survivors of sexual violence: micro-level evidence from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Medicine, Conflict and Survival 34(3): 201–223.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal & Kendra Dupuy (2018) Does Education Lead to Pacification? A Systematic Review of Statistical Studies on Education and Political Violence, Review of Educational Research. DOI: 10.3102/0034654318800236.
Hillesund, Solveig; Karim Bahgat; Gray Barrett; Kendra Dupuy; Scott Gates; Håvard Mokleiv Nygård; Siri Aas Rustad; Håvard Strand; Henrik Urdal & Gudrun Østby (2018) Horizontal inequality and armed conflict: a comprehensive literature review, Canadian Journal of Development Studies 39(4): 463–480.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal; Andreas Forø Tollefsen; Andreas Kotsadam; Ragnhild Belbo & Christin Marsh Ormhaug (2018) Organized Violence and Institutional Child Delivery: Micro-Level Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2014, Demography 55(4): 1295–1316.
Kotsadam, Andreas; Siri Aas Rustad; Gudrun Østby; Andreas Forø Tollefsen & Henrik Urdal (2018) Development aid and infant mortality. Micro-level evidence from Nigeria, World Development 105: 59–69.
Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene; Sabrina Karim; Gudrun Østby & Henrik Urdal (2017) Maternal Health Care in the Time of Ebola: A Mixed-Method Exploration of the Impact of the Epidemic on Delivery Services in Monrovia, World Development. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.027.
Kotsadam, Andreas; Gudrun Østby & Siri Aas Rustad (2017) Structural change and wife abuse: A disaggregated study of mineral mining and domestic violence in sub-Saharan Africa, 1999–2013, Political Geography 56(1): 53–65.
Østby, Gudrun (2016) Rural-Urban Migration, Inequality and Urban Social Disorder: Evidence from African and Asian Cities, Conflict Management and Peace Science 33(5): 491–515.
Rustad, Siri Aas; Gudrun Østby & Ragnhild Nordås (2016) Does Artisanal Mining Increase the Risk of Sexual Violence? Micro-level evidence from Eastern Congo, Quality in Primary Care 24(2): 77–80.
Rustad, Siri Aas; Gudrun Østby & Ragnhild Nordås (2016) Artisanal mining, conflict, and sexual violence in Eastern DRC, The Extractive Industries and Society 3(2): 475–484.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal & Ida Rudolfsen (2016) What Is Driving Gender Equality in Secondary Education? Evidence from 57 Developing Countries, 1970–2010, Education Research International. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4587194.
Fjelde, Hanne & Gudrun Østby (2014) Socioeconomic Inequality and Communal Conflict: A Disaggregated Analysis of Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2008, International Interactions 40(5): 737–762.
Østby, Gudrun; Håvard Strand; Nils Petter Gleditsch & Ragnhild Nordås (2013) Gender Gap or Gender Bias in Peace Research? Publication Patterns for Journal of Peace Research 1983–2008, International Studies Perspectives 14(4): 493–506.
Østby, Gudrun (2013) Inequality and political violence: A review of the literature, International Area Studies Review 16(2): 206–231.
Buhaug, Halvard; Kristian Skrede Gleditsch; Helge Holtermann; Gudrun Østby & Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2011) It’s the Local Economy, Stupid! Geographic Wealth Dispersion and Conflict Outbreak Location, Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(5): 814–840.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal; Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin; S. Mansoob Murshed & Håvard Strand (2011) Population Pressure, Horizontal Inequality and Political Violence: A Disaggregated Study of Indonesian Provinces, 1990–2003, Journal of Development Studies 47(3): 377–398.
Achvarina, Vera;Nordås, Ragnhild;Østby, Gudrun; & Rustad, Siri Aas (2009) Armut und die Rekrutierung von Kindersoldaten: Neue Evidenz aus einer disaggregierten Analyse der afrikanischen Regionen [Poverty and Child Soldier Recruitment: A Disaggregated Study of African Regions] , Politische Vierteljahresschrift Sonderhefte 43386–413.
Østby, Gudrun; Clionadh Raleigh & Håvard Hegre (2009) Poverty and Civil War Events: A Disaggregated Study of Liberia, Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 298–623.
Østby, Gudrun; Ragnhild Nordås & Jan Ketil Rød (2009) Regional Inequalities and Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa, International Studies Quarterly 53(2): 301–324.
Østby, Gudrun (2008) Polarization, Horizontal Inequalities and Violent Civil Conflict, Journal of Peace Research 45(2): 143–162.

PhD Thesis

Østby, Gudrun (2011) Horizontal Inequalities and Political Violence. PhD thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Oslo, .

Book Chapter

Hillesund, Solveig & Gudrun Østby (2020) Inequality, Identity, and Conflict, in Hampson, Fen Osler; Alpaslan Ozerdem; & Jonathan Kent, eds, Routledge Handbook of Peace, Security and Development. New York: Routledge (213–225).
Rustad, Siri Aas; Gudrun Østby & Henrik Urdal (2017) Conflicts and the Demographic Transition: Economic Opportunity or Disaster?, in Groth, Hans; & John F. May, eds, Africa's Population: In Search of a Demographic Dividend. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (483–496).
Østby, Gudrun & Henrik Urdal (2014) Demographic Factors and Civil War, in Newman, Edward; & Karl R. DeRouen, eds, The Routledge Handbook of Civil Wars. Abingdon & New York: Routledge (131–144).
Buhaug, Halvard; Henrik Urdal & Gudrun Østby (2013) Sustainable Cities: Urbanization and Human Security, in Sygna, Linda; Karen O'Brien; & Johanna Wolf, eds, A Changing Environment for Human Security - Transformative approaches to research, policy and action. London: Routledge (56–66).
Fjelde, Hanne; & Østby, Gudrun(2010) Economic Inequality and Non-state Conflicts in Africa : .
Fjelde, Hanne & Gudrun Østby (2010) Economic Inequality and Non-state Conflicts in Africa, in Washington, DC: .
Østby, Gudrun (2008) Inequalities, the Political Environment and Civil Conflict: Evidence from 55 Developing Countries, in Frances Stewart, ed., Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (136–159).
Knutsen, Torbjørn L.; Birgitte Sivertsen; Mattis Daa; Gudrun Østby & Christian Fjellstad (2003) Jihad – en idéhistorie [Jihad – a History of Ideas], in Blodspor : om bakgrunnen til 11. september. Olso: .

Non-refereed Journal Article

Urdal, Henrik; Gudrun Østby & Nils Petter Gleditsch (2014) Journal of Peace Research, Peace Review 26(4): 500–504.

Popular Article

Rudolfsen, Ida; Gudrun Østby; Henrikas Bartusevičius & Florian van Leeuwen (2022) War and Food Insecurity: New Survey Evidence from Ukraine, Political Violence at a Glance, 7 July.
Østby, Gudrun; Olga Shemyakina; Andreas Forø Tollefsen & Henrik Urdal (2022) What happens to childhood vaccine rates in conflict zones? This analysis found some surprises, Monkey Cage at the Washington Post, 3 February.
Haer, Roos; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith (2021) 1 in 8 Children Are at Risk of Being Recruited by Armed Actors, PRIO Blog, 30 November.
Østby, Gudrun & Ragnhild Nordås (2021) Protection of Education in Conflict Zones – a Step in the Right Direction, PRIO Blog, 5 November.
Østby, Gudrun (2021) Jasså, ingen leser oss? [So, nobody reads us?], Aftenposten, 31 October.
Nagel, Robert; Ragnhild Nordås; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad & Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2021) 72 Million Children Are at Risk for Sexual Violence in Conflict. What Can Be Done?, PRIO Blog, 19 February.
Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Sirianne Dahlum; Gudrun Østby & Siri Aas Rustad (2019) Slik fanges mange land i en «ulikhetsfelle» [This is how many countries fall into an inequality trap], Dagens Næringsliv, 19 December.
Carling, Jørgen; Marta Bivand Erdal; Bård Harstad; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Trude Lappegård; Torbjørn Skardhamar & Gudrun Østby (2018) Forskningsrådet vil snu opp ned på hvordan forskning kvalitetssikres, forbedres, vurderes og deles | Forskere ved PRIO og UiO, Aftenposten, 14 November.
Østby, Gudrun; Karim Bahgat; Kendra Dupuy; Siri Aas Rustad; Håvard Strand & Tore Wig (2018) New Mapping of Children Affected by Armed Conflict, PRIO blog, 15 February.
Emblem, Kyrre Eeg; Katja Enberg; Ingeborg Palm ‎Helland; Alexander Refsum Jensenius; Marie Elisabeth Rognes; Katerini Storeng & Gudrun Østby (2017) Tenk nytt om tellekanter, Haugstad!, Morgenbladet, 24 March.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal & Ida Rudolfsen (2014) Utdanning Skaper Fred [Education Creates Peace], Dagsavisen, 10 December.

Master Thesis

Østby, Gudrun (2003) Horizontal Inequality and Civil War [Do Ethnic Group Inequalities Influence the Risk of Domestic Armed Conflict?]. MA thesis, Supervisors: Tanja Ellingsen, NTNU; Nils Petter Gleditsch, PRIO (completed 15 August, defended 5 September), NTNU, Trondheim.

Conference Paper

Leiby, Michele ; Gudrun Østby & Ragnhild Nordås (2015) The legacy of war: Intimate-partner violence in Peru, 1980-2009, presented at APSA, San Fransisco, 3–6 September.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal; Andreas Forø Tollefsen; Andreas Kotsadam; Ragnhild Belbo & Christin Marsh Ormhaug (2015) Armed conflict and maternal health care Micro-level evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa., presented at the Annual Convention of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, 3–6 September.
Rustad, Siri Aas; Gudrun Østby & Ragnhild Nordås (2014) Artisanal Mining, Conflict and Sexual Violence: Micro-Level Evidence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, presented at The 49th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Toronto, 26–29 March .
Østby, Gudrun (2014) Violence Begets Violence: Armed Conflict and Domestic Sexual Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, presented at SVAC (Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict) Workshop, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 2–3 September.
Østby, Gudrun 2010 Regional Inequalities and Civil Conflict in Africa: The Influence of Political Institutions and Leadership, presented at Territorial Origins of African Civil Conflicts, , 29–30 January 2010.
Buhaug, Halvard; Kristian Skrede Gleditsch; Helge Holtermann & Gudrun Østby (2009) Poverty, Inequality, and Conflict: Using Within-Country Variation to Evaluate Competing Hypotheses, presented at 50th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, New York, NY, 15–18 February.
Buhaug, Halvard;Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede;Holtermann, Helge; & Østby, Gudrun 2008Poverty, Inequality, and Conflict: Using Within-Country Variation to Evaluate Competing Hypotheses, presented at Peace Science Society (International)24 October.
Østby, Gudrun; & de Soysa, Indra 2008 Too Weak to Fight? Horizontal Inequality and State Repression, 1980–2004, presented at 49th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, , 26–29 March.
Achvarina, Vera;Nordås, Ragnhild;Østby, Gudrun; & Rustad, Siri Aas 2008 Regional Welfare and Child Soldier Recruitment : A Disaggregated Study of African Regions, presented at Authors' Conference, PVS-Special Issue 2009, , 22–23 February.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal & S. Mansoob Murshed (2007) Population Pressure, Inequality and Political Violence: A Disaggregated Study of Indonesian Provinces, 1990-2003, presented at Polarization and Conflict, Palma de Mallorca, 10–12 December.
Østby, Gudrun;Hegre, Håvard; & Raleigh, Clionadh 2007 Economic Deprivation and Civil War Events: A Disaggregated Study of Liberia, presented at Polarization and Conflict Meeting, , 7–9 June.
Østby, Gudrun & Henrik Urdal (2007) Population Pressure, Inequality and Political Violence: A Disaggregated Study of Indonesian Provinces, 1990–2003, presented at the 48th Annual Metting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, IL, 28 February – 3 March.
Raleigh, Clionadh; Gudrun Østby & Håvard Hegre (2007) Economic Deprivation and Civil War Events: A Disaggregated Study of Liberia, presented at the 48th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Chicago, IL, 28 February–3 March.
Achvarina, Vera; Ragnhild Nordås; Siri Aas Rustad & Gudrun Østby (2007) Regional Poverty and Child Soldier Recruitment: A Disaggregated Study of Sub-National African Regions, 1990–2004, presented at the 48th Annual Metting of the International Studies Association, Chicago, IL, 28 February–3 March.
Nordås, Ragnhild; Jan Ketil Rød & Gudrun Østby (2006) Regional Inequalities and Civil Conflict in 21 Sub-Saharan Countries, 1986-2004, presented at the 47th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (ISA), San Diego, 22–25 March.
Nordås, Ragnhild; Jan Ketil Rød & Gudrun Østby (2006) Regional Inequalities and Civil Conflict in 21 Sub-Saharan Countries, 1986-2004, presented at the workshop on Polarization and Conflict (PAC), Nicosia, Cyprus, 26–29 April.
Østby, Gudrun (2005) Horizontal Inequalities and Civil Conflict, presented at 13th Annual National Political Science Conference, Hurdalsjøen, Norway, 5–7 January.
Østby, Gudrun (2005) Horizontal Inequalities and Civil Conflict, presented at the 46th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Honolulu, HI, USA, 1–5 March .
Østby, Gudrun (2005) Horizontal Inequalities and Civil Conflict, presented at the 46th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association, Honolulu, HI, 1–5 March .
Østby, Gudrun (2005) Inequality, Institutions, and Instability: Horizontal Inequalities, Political Institutions, and Civil Conflict in Developing Countries 1986–2003, presented at the 1st PIDDCP (Political Institutions, Development and a Domestic Civil Peace), Oxford, 10–12 November.
Østby, Gudrun (2005) Disaggregated Inequalities and Conflict in Developing Countries, presented at the Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Summer Meeting, Konstanz, 2–5 June.
Østby, Gudrun (2004) Do Horizontal Inequalities Matter for Civil Conflict?, presented at Polarization and Conflict (PAC) Winter Meeting, Barcelona, 10–11 December.

PRIO Policy Brief

Gjerløw, Haakon; Jens Koning; Marte Nilsen & Gudrun Østby (2022) Returning to School or Dropping Out after the COVID-19 Closure? Survey Evidence from Rohingya Refugees and Host Communities in Bangladesh, PRIO Policy Brief, 19. Oslo: PRIO.
Aden, Hassan; Zeina Bali; Cindy Horst; Marte Nilsen & Gudrun Østby (2022) What Can We Learn from Refugee-Led Education in Kenya?, PRIO Policy Brief, 14. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith (2022) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2021, Conflict Trends, 2. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith (2021) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2020, Conflict Trends, 4. Oslo: PRIO.
Haer, Roos; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith (2021) Children at Risk of Being Recruited for Armed Conflict, 1990–2020, Conflict Trends, 6. Oslo: PRIO.
Nagel, Robert; Ragnhild Nordås; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad & Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2021) Children at Risk of Wartime Sexual Violence, 1990–2019, Conflict Trends, 1. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad & Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2020) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2018, Conflict Trends, 1. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad & Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2020) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2019, Conflict Trends, 6. Oslo: PRIO.
Dupuy, Kendra; Haakon Gjerløw; Mohammad Ashraful Haque; Sultan Mahmud; Marte Nilsen & Gudrun Østby (2019) Mapping Education Programmes for Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh, PRIO Policy Brief, 11. Oslo: PRIO.
Olney, Jessica; Nurul Haque; Roshid Mubarak; Marte Nilsen; Ingebjørg Finnbakk; Gudrun Østby & Kendra Dupuy (2019) Preventing a Lost Generation: Community-led education by Rohingya refugees, PRIO Policy Brief, 7. Oslo: PRIO.
Dupuy, Kendra & Gudrun Østby (2019) No Right to Read: Regulatory Restrictions on Refugee Rights to Formal Education, PRIO Policy Brief, 10. Oslo: PRIO.
Verwimp, Philip; Davide Osti & Gudrun Østby (2018) Forced Displacement, Migration and Pregnancy Risk: Micro-level evidence from Burundi, GPS Policy Brief, 2. Oslo: PRIO.
Rustad, Siri Aas; Kristian Hoelscher; Andreas Kotsadam; Gudrun Østby & Henrik Urdal (2018) Political Exclusion, Group Inequality and Aid Distribution, Conflict Trends, 9. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Henrik Urdal; Andreas Forø Tollefsen; Andreas Kotsadam; Ragnhild Belbo & Christin Marsh Ormhaug (2018) How Does Organized Violence Affect the Chances of Giving Birth at a Health Facility?, Conflict Trends, 8. Oslo: PRIO.
Kotsadam, Andreas; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad; Andreas Forø Tollefsen & Henrik Urdal (2018) Does Aid Reduce Infant Mortality? Local-Level Evidence from Nigeria, Conflict Trends, 2. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun; Siri Aas Rustad & Andreas Forø Tollefsen (2018) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2017, Conflict Trends, 10. Oslo: PRIO.
Bahgat, Karim; Kendra Dupuy; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad; Håvard Strand & Tore Wig (2018) Children Affected by Armed Conflict, 1990–2016, Conflict Trends, 1. Oslo: PRIO.
Rustad, Siri Aas & Gudrun Østby (2017) Education and Systematic Group Inequalities in Nigeria, Conflict Trends, 3. Oslo: PRIO.
Bahgat, Karim; Gray Barrett; Kendra Dupuy; Scott Gates; Solveig Hillesund; Håvard Mokleiv Nygård; Siri Aas Rustad; Håvard Strand; Henrik Urdal & Gudrun Østby (2017) Inequality and Armed Conflict: Evidence and Policy Recommendations, Conflict Trends, 1. Oslo: PRIO.
Østby, Gudrun & Henrik Urdal (2011) Education and Conflict: What the Evidence Says, CSCW Policy Brief, 2. Oslo: PRIO.

PRIO Paper

Dupuy, Kendra; Júlia Palik & Gudrun Østby (2020) Walking the Talk? Financing for Education in Emergencies, 2015–2018, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.
Nordås, Ragnhild; Gudrun Østby; Rosalie Biaba; Christine Amisi; John Quattrochi; Susanne Alldén; Esther Namegabe & Aline Cikara (2016) From Pain to Empowerment?, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.
Nordås, Ragnhild; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad; Christine Amisi; Rosalie Biaba; John Quattrochi; Susanne Alldén & Aline Cikara (2016) L’intégration sociale des Survivantes des violences sexuelles : Comment les programmes de soutien fonctionnent ? [Social Inclusion of Survivors of Sexual Violence: How Do Support Programs Work?], PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.
Nordås, Ragnhild; Gudrun Østby; Rosalie Biaba; Christine Amisi; John Quattrochi; Susanne Alldén; Esther Namegabe & Aline Cikara (2016) De la douleur en pouvoir ? [From Pain to Empowerment?], PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.
Nordås, Ragnhild; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad; Christine Amisi; Rosalie Biaba; John Quattrochi; Susanne Alldén & Aline Cikara (2016) Social Inclusion of Survivors of Sexual Violence: How Do Support Programs Work?, PRIO Paper. Oslo: PRIO.

Report - Other

Olney, Jessica; Khin Maung ; Lucky ; Shabbir Ahmad; Marte Nilsen; & Gudrun Østby (2022) 'Something Is Better than Nothing': Online Learning Pursuits of Rohingya Youth and Teachers in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, Internal report. Oslo: PRIO.
Dupuy, Kendra; Júlia Palik; & Gudrun Østby (2019) Walk the Talk? Review of Financing for Education in Emergencies, 2015–2018Oslo: Save the Children Norway.
Carling, Jørgen; Marta Bivand Erdal; Bård Harstad; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Trude Lappegård; Torbjørn Skardhamar; & Gudrun Østby (2018) At the crossroads of open access to research, An assessment of the possible consequences of Plan S for publishing, research quality and research environments. Oslo: PRIO.
Carling, Jørgen; Marta Bivand Erdal; Bård Harstad; Carl Henrik Knutsen; Trude Lappegård; Torbjørn Skardhamar; & Gudrun Østby (2018) Veiskille for åpen tilgang til forskningsresultater, En redegjørelse for mulige konsekvenser av Plan S for publisering, forskningskvalitet og forskningsmiljøer. Oslo: PRIO.
Bahgat, Karim; Kendra Dupuy; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad; Håvard Strand; & Tore Wig (2018) Children and Armed Conflict: What Existing Data Can Tell UsOslo: PRIO.
Bahgat, Karim; Kendra Dupuy; Scott Gates; Håvard Mokleiv Nygård; Siri Aas Rustad; Håvard Strand; Henrik Urdal; Gudrun Østby; Gray Barrett; & Solveig Hillesund (2017) Inequality and Armed Conflict: Evidence and Data.

Report - External Series

Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Sirianne Dahlum; Gudrun Østby; & Siri Aas Rustad (2019) The Conflict–Inequality Trap: How Internal Armed Conflict Affects Horizontal Inequality, UNDP Human Development Report Background Paper, 2. New York: UNDP.
Kotsadam, Andreas; Gudrun Østby; Siri Aas Rustad; Andreas Forø Tollefsen; & Henrik Urdal (2017) Development Aid and Infant Mortality, AidData Working Paper, 39. Williamsburg, VA: AIDDATA - William & Mary.
Østby, Gudrun; & Henrik Urdal (2014) Conflict and Educational Inequality: Evidence from 30 Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Commissioned report for USAID. USAID.
Østby, Gudrun; & Henrik Urdal (2010) Education and Civil Conflict: A Review of the Quantitative, Empirical Literature, Background paper for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011, The hidden crisis: armed conflict and education. Oslo: UNESCO.

Book Review

Langer, Arnim; Frances Stewart & Rajesh Venugopal (2013) Review of Review of Gudrun Østby, ed., Horizontal Inequalities and Post-Conflict Development, in Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 429–430.

Blog Posts

Fewer Children Affected by Conflict, but Conflict Intensity Is on the Rise

Posted by Gudrun Østby, Siri Camilla Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith on Wednesday, 30 November 2022

Today Save the Children launches its new report Stop the War on Children: The Forgotten Ones. The report is based on PRIO’s sixth annual mapping of children in armed conflict covering the period 1990-2021. In 2021 our estimates suggest that 449 million children, or more than 1 out of 6 ... Read more »

2021 – A Bad Year for World Peace

Posted by Håvard Strand, Ida Rudolfsen, Marianne Dahl & Gudrun Østby on Thursday, 18 August 2022

After a declining trend since 2014 for the number of people killed in armed conflict, approximately 84,000 people died last year. Since 2014, we have seen a global declining trend for the number of people killed in armed conflict, but in 2021 this trend experienced a sharp reversal. New figures ... Read more »

War and Food Insecurity: New Survey Evidence from Ukraine

Posted by Ida Rudolfsen, Gudrun Østby, Henrikas Bartusevicius & Florian van Leeuwen on Wednesday, 13 July 2022

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February, food insecurity and food prices have become increasingly concerning. However, the focus has largely been on the consequences of war for the international market and food insecurity abroad, leaving less attention to the lack of food among civilians in Ukraine. Ukrainians have fled their ... Read more »

Украинские женщины участвуют в сопротивлении и должны участвовать в мирных переговорах: новые данные опросов

Posted by Ragnhild Nordås, Louise Olsson, Gudrun Østby & Torunn L. Tryggestad on Tuesday, 24 May 2022

Женщины – “неотъемлемая часть своей страны и её сопротивления”. С таким посланием Катерина Черепаха, президент организации “Ла Страда – Україна”, обратилась к миру в своём апрельском выступлении в Совете Безопасности ООН.. В своей речи она также подчеркнула возросшую незащищённость женщин и девочек в отношении угрозы похищения, пыток и убийства. Теперь ... Read more »

Українські жінки беруть участь в опорі і мають брати участь у мирних перемовинах: результати нового опитування

Posted by Ragnhild Nordås, Louise Olsson, Gudrun Østby & Torunn L. Tryggestad on Saturday, 30 April 2022

Жінки є «невід’ємною частиною країни та її опору» – з таким посланням звернулася до світу президент організації «Ла Страда-Україна» Kaтeринa Чeрeпaхa,  виступаючи перед Радою Безпеки ООН у квітні. У своєму виступі вона також підкреслила високу вразливість жінок і дівчат щодо загроз викрадення, катувань та вбивств. Тепер ми знаємо, що жінки ... Read more »

Ukrainian Women Engage in Resistance and Should Be in the Peace Talks: New Survey Evidence

Posted by Ragnhild Nordås, Louise Olsson, Gudrun Østby & Torunn L. Tryggestad on Friday, 29 April 2022

Women are an “integral part of her country and its resistance.” This was the message that Kateryna Cherepakha, President of the organization La Strada-Ukraine, communicated to the world when speaking before the UN Security Council in April. Her speech also highlighted increased vulnerability of women and girls to the threat ... Read more »

What Happens to Childhood Vaccine Rates in Conflict Zones? This Analysis Found Some Surprises

Posted by Gudrun Østby, Olga Shemyakina, Andreas Forø Tollefsen, Henrik Urdal & Marijke Verpoorten on Monday, 14 February 2022

We examined more than 200,000 records in 15 African countries. As more coronavirus vaccines begin to reach the developing world, global health authorities are pointing out the need for other vaccines as well. UNICEF recently launched a record $9.4 billion emergency appeal to help more than 327 million people — including 177 million children — affected ... Read more »

1 in 8 Children Are at Risk of Being Recruited by Armed Actors

Posted by Roos Haer, Gudrun Østby, Siri Camilla Aas Rustad & Andrew Arasmith on Tuesday, 30 November 2021

The recruitment and use of children as soldiers is one of the United Nations Security Council’s ‘six grave violations’ against children in times of war, as well as one of the most significant consequences of armed conflict in terms of children’s wellbeing. On 30 November, Save the Children launched its ... Read more »

Protection of Education in Conflict Zones – a Step in the Right Direction

Posted by Gudrun Østby & Ragnhild Nordås on Tuesday, 16 November 2021

On Friday October 30, the UN Security Council adopted a resolution on the protection of education in conflict zones. This is one of the most important matters on which Norway has facilitated negotiations in the Security Council and the resolution is a major step in the right direction for protecting ... Read more »

72 Million Children Are at Risk for Sexual Violence in Conflict. What Can Be Done?

Posted by Robert U. Nagel, Ragnhild Nordås, Gudrun Østby, Siri Camilla Aas Rustad & Andreas Forø Tollefsen on Friday, 19 February 2021

A staggering 72 million children—17% of the 426 million children living in conflict areas globally, or 1 in 6—are living near armed groups that have been reported to perpetrate sexual violence against children. That means 3% of all children in the world are living at risk for sexual violence in ... Read more »

This Is How Countries End up in the “Inequality Trap”

Posted by Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Sirianne Dahlum, Siri Camilla Aas Rustad & Gudrun Østby on Wednesday, 8 January 2020

Inequality fosters violent conflict, which again causes inequality, triggering a vicious cycle. In December the UN Development Programme (UNDP) released its annual ‘Human Development Report’. For 2019 the report focused on inequality. The report is being launched as nightly news is dominated by pictures of protests in countries like Lebanon, Iraq, Chile and Hong Kong. These ... Read more »

Fewer Lives Being Lost in Conflicts

Posted by Håvard Strand, Gudrun Østby, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, Siri Camilla Aas Rustad & Henrik Urdal on Monday, 25 June 2018

In 2017, approximately 90,000 people died as the direct result of armed conflict. This figure is down for the third year in a row, and is now 31 percent lower than in 2014. Nearly a third of all conflicts – and four of the 10 most serious wars worldwide – ... Read more »

New Mapping of Children Affected by Armed Conflict

Posted by Gudrun Østby, Karim Bahgat, Kendra Dupuy, Siri Camilla Aas Rustad, Håvard Strand & Tore Wig on Thursday, 15 February 2018

This weekend, decision-makers from all over the world will come together to discuss current and future security challenges at the Munich Security Conference (MSC), which has become the major global forum for discussion of security policy. At the conference, Save the Children will launch its new report The War on ... Read more »

Education and Systematic Group Inequalities in Nigeria

Posted by Siri Camilla Aas Rustad & Gudrun Østby on Thursday, 14 September 2017

On the night between 14 and 15 April, 2014, 276 girls were kidnapped by Boko Haram from their school in Chibok in Borno State in Northeastern Nigeria. The Islamist terrorist group does not believe that girls should attend school, and these girls were targeted precisely because they were in school. However, conservative views on gender and education is only ... Read more »

Education and Conflict: What the Evidence Says

Posted by Gudrun Østby & Henrik Urdal on Wednesday, 13 September 2017

These are the key conclusions from the first systematical review of the empirical, quantitative literature on the relationship between education and civil conflict. Evidence from 30 statistical studies indicate that Increasing education levels overall have pacifying effects Rapid expansions of higher education is not a threat Education inequalities between groups ... Read more »

Research Training in Eastern Congo

Posted by Gudrun Østby on Thursday, 3 December 2015

I have just returned from two weeks in Congo. PRIO colleagues Ragnhild Nordås, Siri Aas Rustad and I held project meetings with our local partner. Most of our time in Congo, however, was spent teaching how to conduct research. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is often described as one ... Read more »

The Time Has Come for Dr. Denis Mukwege to Win the Nobel Peace Prize

Posted by Gudrun Østby & Ragnhild Nordås on Thursday, 8 October 2015

Last year the Congolese gynecologist Dr. Denis Mukwege was awarded the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, and he has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize several years in a row, frequently hailed among the favorites. Tomorrow the winner of the prize for 2015 will be announced. We think ... Read more »

Education Creates Peace

Posted by Gudrun Østby, Henrik Urdal & Ida Rudolfsen on Wednesday, 10 December 2014

On 10 December Nobel’s Peace Prize 2014 is awarded to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai. Critical voices have claimed that their work is more about rights activism than promoting peace and that there is no obvious association between education and peace. Research into the causes of war suggests, however, that ... Read more »

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